GloNeuro

Credits and licences

This page lists the sources, licences and citations for the data, software and fonts from other organisations that are used on the Website.

Atlas library datasets

Each atlas is shown with the attribution, licence and citations its provider requires; the same details appear beside the atlas in the viewer.

Human · Brain

Credit
CerebrA atlas by A. L. Manera, M. Dadar, V. Fonov and D. L. Collins (McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University), derived from the Mindboggle-101 labels of A. Klein and J. Tourville; template: MNI ICBM152 2009c Nonlinear Symmetric. Template notice: Copyright (C) 1993-2004 Louis Collins, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University. Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies. The authors and McGill University make no representations about the suitability of this software for any purpose. It is provided "as is" without express or implied warranty.
Changes made
Coronal sections extracted every ~4.5 mm; left and right labels merged into one entry per region; regions grouped and colour-coded by GloNeuro; short descriptions written by GloNeuro; template intensities contrast-stretched for display.
Also used for
The “Where it acts” MRI figures on the condition pages: slices of the same template in three planes with selected regions highlighted by GloNeuro. White matter near the ventricles and the outer brain surface are derived by GloNeuro from the template, and region groupings (for example the approximate stages of tau spread) are GloNeuro’s. A mid-sagittal slice of the template, with the skull removed, also opens the zoom on the Fields of brain science page.

Citations

  1. Manera AL, Dadar M, Fonov V, Collins DL (2020). CerebrA, registration and manual label correction of Mindboggle-101 atlas for MNI-ICBM152 template. Scientific Data 7:237. doi:10.1038/s41597-020-0557-9
  2. Manera A, Dadar M, Fonov V, Collins DL (2020). CerebrA: Accurate registration and manual label correction of the Mindboggle-101 atlas for the MNI-ICBM152 template [Data set]. G-Node. doi:10.12751/g-node.be5e62
  3. Fonov V, Evans AC, Botteron K, Almli CR, McKinstry RC, Collins DL (2011). Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies. NeuroImage 54(1):313–327. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.033
  4. Fonov V, Evans A, McKinstry R, Almli C, Collins D (2009). Unbiased nonlinear average age-appropriate brain templates from birth to adulthood. NeuroImage 47(Suppl 1):S102. doi:10.1016/S1053-8119(09)70884-5
  5. Klein A, Tourville J (2012). 101 labeled brain images and a consistent human cortical labeling protocol. Frontiers in Neuroscience 6:171. doi:10.3389/fnins.2012.00171

Human · Brain histology

Credit
BigBrain Release 2015 by K. Amunts, K. Zilles, A. C. Evans et al. (BigBrain Project, Forschungszentrum Jülich and Montreal Neurological Institute)
Changes made
Sections taken from the 100 µm volume, downsampled to 133 µm per pixel and contrast-stretched; tissue classes from the 200 µm classified volume colour-coded and overlaid.
Adapted images
GloNeuro’s adapted images are shared under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Citations

  1. Amunts K, Lepage C, Borgeat L, Mohlberg H, Dickscheid T, Rousseau MÉ, Bludau S, Bazin PL, Lewis LB, Oros-Peusquens AM, Shah NJ, Lippert T, Zilles K, Evans AC (2013). BigBrain: an ultrahigh-resolution 3D human brain model. Science 340(6139):1472-1475. doi:10.1126/science.1235381

Human · Spinal cord

Credit
PAM50 template and white matter atlas, Spinal Cord Toolbox. Copyright © 2014 École Polytechnique, Université de Montréal
Changes made
Transverse sections taken at each segment; the probabilistic tract maps combined into one labelled region per pixel; cerebrospinal fluid hidden.

Citations

  1. De Leener B, et al. (2018). PAM50: Unbiased multimodal template of the brainstem and spinal cord aligned with the ICBM152 space. NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.10.041
  2. Lévy S, et al. (2015). White matter atlas of the human spinal cord with estimation of partial volume effect. NeuroImage. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.06.040
  3. Frostell A, et al. (2016). A review of the segmental diameter of the healthy human spinal cord. Frontiers in Neurology. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00238

Mouse · Brain

Credit
Image credit: Allen Institute

Citations

  1. Allen Institute for Brain Science (2011). Allen Reference Atlas – Mouse Brain [brain atlas]. Available from atlas.brain-map.org. Link
  2. Wang Q, Ding SL, Li Y, et al. (2020). The Allen Mouse Brain Common Coordinate Framework: a 3D reference atlas. Cell 181(4):936–953.e20. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.007
  3. Section outlines and approximate bregma coordinates prepared with iblatlas, International Brain Laboratory (MIT licence). Link

Rat · Brain

Credit
Waxholm Space Atlas of the Sprague Dawley Rat Brain v4.01 (RRID:SCR_017124) by E. A. Papp, H. Kleven, T. B. Leergaard, J. G. Bjaalie et al. (University of Oslo)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Changes made
Coronal sections extracted, labels resampled to 49 µm for display, regions colour-coded and labelled.
Adapted images
GloNeuro’s adapted images are shared under CC BY-SA 4.0.

Citations

  1. Papp EA, Leergaard TB, Calabrese E, Johnson GA, Bjaalie JG (2014). Waxholm Space atlas of the Sprague Dawley rat brain. NeuroImage 97:374–386. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.04.001
  2. Kleven H, Bjerke IE, Clascá F, Groenewegen HJ, Bjaalie JG, Leergaard TB (2023). Waxholm Space atlas of the rat brain: a 3D atlas supporting data analysis and integration. Nature Methods 20(11):1822–1829. doi:10.1038/s41592-023-02034-3
  3. Papp EA, Leergaard TB, Calabrese E, Johnson GA, Bjaalie JG (2015). Addendum to “Waxholm Space atlas of the Sprague Dawley rat brain”. NeuroImage 105:561–562. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.017

Marmoset · Brain

Credit
Brain/MINDS 3D Marmoset Reference Brain Atlas 2019 by A. Woodward, R. Gong, K. Nakae, J. Hata, H. Okano, S. Ishii and Y. Yamaguchi (RIKEN CBS, Brain/MINDS)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Changes made
Template resampled three-fold, coronal sections extracted, regions colour-coded and labelled.

Citations

  1. Woodward A, Gong R, Nakae K, Hata J, Okano H, Ishii S, Yamaguchi Y. (2020). Brain/MINDS 3D Marmoset Reference Brain Atlas 2019 (DataID: 4520). Brain/MINDS Data Portal. doi:10.24475/bma.4520
  2. Woodward A, Hashikawa T, Maeda M, Kaneko T, Hikishima K, Iriki A, Okano H, Yamaguchi Y (2018). The Brain/MINDS 3D digital marmoset brain atlas. Sci Data 5:180009. doi:10.1038/sdata.2018.9

Zebrafish · Larval brain

Credit
Zebrafish Brain Browser region atlas by A. Bhandiwad, T. Gupta and H. Burgess, and vglut reference brain by H. Burgess (Burgess lab, NICHD)
Licence
CC BY 4.0
Changes made
Sections extracted, regions colour-coded and labelled, images downsampled for display.

Citations

  1. Gupta T, Marquart GD, Horstick EJ, Tabor KM, Pajevic S, Burgess HA (2018). Morphometric analysis and neuroanatomical mapping of the zebrafish brain. Methods 150:49-62. doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2018.06.008
  2. Marquart GD, Tabor KM, Horstick EJ, Brown M, Geoca AK, Polys NF, Dalle Nogare D, Burgess HA (2017). High-precision registration between zebrafish brain atlases using symmetric diffeomorphic normalization. GigaScience 6(8):1-15. doi:10.1093/gigascience/gix056
  3. Bhandiwad AA, Gupta T, Subedi A, Heigh V, Holmes GA, Burgess HA (2024). Brain Imaging and Registration in Larval Zebrafish. Methods Mol Biol 2707:141-153. doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3401-1_9
  4. Bhandiwad A, Gupta T, Burgess H (2022). Zebrafish Brain Registration Utility Archive [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5847086
  5. Burgess H (2019). Reference brains for registration to Zebrafish Brain Browser [Data set]. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7130703

Fruit fly · Brain

Credit
JRC2018 Unisex template (J. A. Bogovic, S. Saalfeld et al., HHMI Janelia) and neuropil domains painted by K. Shinomiya, Virtual Fly Brain dataset “JRC 2018 templates & ROIs”
Changes made
Single sections extracted, labels downsampled to 2.08 µm per pixel, domains colour-coded and labelled.
Adapted images
GloNeuro’s adapted images are shared under CC BY-NC-SA 4.0.

Citations

  1. Bogovic JA, Otsuna H, Heinrich L, Ito M, Jeter J, Meissner G, Nern A, Colonell J, Malkesman O, Ito K, Saalfeld S (2020). An unbiased template of the Drosophila brain and ventral nerve cord. PLoS One 15(12):e0236495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236495
  2. Ito K, Shinomiya K, Ito M, Armstrong JD, Boyan G, Hartenstein V, et al.; Insect Brain Name Working Group (2014). A systematic nomenclature for the insect brain. Neuron 81(4):755-765. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.017
  3. Court R, Costa M, Pilgrim C, Millburn G, Holmes A, McLachlan A, et al. (2023). Virtual Fly Brain - An interactive atlas of the Drosophila nervous system. Front Physiol 14:1076533. doi:10.3389/fphys.2023.1076533

Literature and prize data

Abstracts of GloNeuro publications

Abstracts are reproduced only for articles published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence, each with its journal, DOI and licence. Other articles link to their PubMed record.

Portraits of Nobel laureates

Each portrait is credited beside it on the Nobel laureates page and was cropped to a circle for display.

  1. Camillo Golgi: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  2. Charles Sherrington: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  3. Henry Dale: Michieli, Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  4. Herbert Gasser: Esselte, Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  5. John Eccles: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  6. George Wald: Bart Molendijk / Anefo, Nationaal Archief, CC0, Wikimedia Commons file
  7. Bernard Katz: Willy Pragher, Landesarchiv Baden-Württemberg, CC BY 3.0 DE, Wikimedia Commons file
  8. Ulf von Euler: Wellcome Collection, CC BY 4.0, Wikimedia Commons file
  9. Julius Axelrod: National Institutes of Health, Public domain, Wikimedia Commons file
  10. Konrad Lorenz: Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (Eurobas), CC BY-SA 3.0, Wikimedia Commons file

Nobel Prize motivations

Prize motivations are quoted verbatim from the Nobel Prize data of Nobel Prize Outreach (api.nobelprize.org, CC0). Each prize links to its page on NobelPrize.org. The summaries of the discoveries are GloNeuro’s own.

Software, map data and fonts

three.js (r128), with OrbitControls

Used for the 3D brain atlas.

Licence text
The MIT License

Copyright © 2010-2021 three.js authors

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.

world-atlas 2.0.2

Country outlines for the collaboration map, derived from Natural Earth 1:110m Admin 0 boundaries (public domain; “Made with Natural Earth”, naturalearthdata.com).

Licence text
Copyright 2013-2019 Michael Bostock

Permission to use, copy, modify, and/or distribute this software for any purpose
with or without fee is hereby granted, provided that the above copyright notice
and this permission notice appear in all copies.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS" AND THE AUTHOR DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH
REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND
FITNESS. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, DIRECT,
INDIRECT, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS
OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF
THIS SOFTWARE.

flag-icons 7.2.3

Country flags in the collaboration list.

Licence text
The MIT License (MIT)

Copyright (c) 2013 Panayiotis Lipiridis

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to
use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies
of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do
so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
SOFTWARE.

Fonts

Newsreader (Copyright 2020 The Newsreader Project Authors) and Instrument Sans (Copyright 2022 The Instrument Sans Project Authors), served by Google Fonts under the SIL Open Font License 1.1.

PAM50 licence text

Licence of the PAM50 template and white matter atlas used in the human spinal cord atlas, as stated on the official PAM50 distribution (OSF).

Licence text
MIT License

Copyright (c) 2014 École Polytechnique, Université de Montréal

Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:

The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
all copies or substantial portions of the Software.

THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
THE SOFTWARE.

Names and trademarks

Names of institutions, projects and prizes are used only to identify the source of material. GloNeuro is not affiliated with, and its content is not endorsed by, the Allen Institute, the BigBrain Project, Brain/MINDS, the Burgess laboratory, Virtual Fly Brain, the University of Oslo, the Spinal Cord Toolbox authors, the U.S. National Library of Medicine or the Nobel Foundation. Nobel Prize® is a registered trademark of the Nobel Foundation.

GloNeuro content

Text, illustrations, animations and software written for this website are © 2026 GloNeuro. All rights reserved, except where another licence is stated for specific material on this page or beside it.

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